{"id":26341,"date":"2024-10-31T08:24:23","date_gmt":"2024-10-31T05:24:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maor.haifa.ac.il\/?p=26341"},"modified":"2025-10-13T14:01:06","modified_gmt":"2025-10-13T11:01:06","slug":"%d8%ae%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%81%d9%82-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%8b%d9%91%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%89-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/maor.haifa.ac.il\/ar\/%d8%ae%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%81%d9%82-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%8b%d9%91%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%89-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u2013 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u05e8\u05de\u05d42\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0647<\/h2>

\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/h3>
  1. \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f.
    \u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631.
    \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642.<\/li>
  2. \u0646\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0649):
    \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 R (\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 6,371 \u0643\u0645 = R).
    \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 M \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u2013 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0651\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>
  3. \u0646\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645:
    h – \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.
    \\(d (BM)\\) – \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f (\u0628\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642.<\/li>
  4. \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b OMB \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\\({\\measuredangle{M}=90^{\\circ}}\\))<\/li><\/ol>

    *\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
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    (\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629<\/h2>

    \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642, \u0643\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629.
    \u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645 6 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a.
    \u062a\u0645\u0639\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>

    1. \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 400 \u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629.
      \u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061f
      \u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/li>
    2. \u062d\u062f\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(Robert Alan Eustace) \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2014\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 41 \u0643\u0645.
      \u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u061f
      \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d:
      \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642:
      #<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f 41 \u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0#<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f 500 \u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627
      #<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f 700 \u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0#<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f 1,000 \u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627<\/li>
    3. 1.<\/b> \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \\(d(h)\\).
      2.<\/b> \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \\(d(h)\\) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/li>
    4. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/b><\/li><\/ol>

      \\(\\space\\)<\/p>

      \u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645\u061f <\/strong>\u0635\u064a\u063a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/a>\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628)<\/span><\/a> \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u05e7\u05d5\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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